All the reaction steps take place in the cytoplasm. Two major products of pentose phosphate pathway are. The notes include pictures from the lecturetextbook alongside the text to further help understand the concepts better. Krebs cycle under aerobic conditions the end product of glycolysis is pyruvic acid. One component of etiology of dental caries is carbohydrate which act as substrate for bacteria. Photosynthesis, a process in which light energy is captured to drive carbohydrate synthesis, is described in chapter.
The other monosaccharides important in carbohydrate metabolism are fructose, galactose and mannose. Carbohydrates are the most abundant biomacromolecules on the earth. The notes include pictures from the lecture textbook alongside the text to further help understand the concepts better. Any discussion of carbohydrate metabolism focuses on the synthesis and usage of glucose, a major fuel for most organisms. In this chapter, you will learn about the pathways that are involved in the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. Most foods are made up of several simple substances, which we call. Carbohydrate metabolism biochemistry module biochemistry notes 3.
Useful notes on carbohydrate metabolism and glycolysis. Understand how atp is formed from adp and inorganic phosphate p i, and vice versa. The next step is the formation of acetyl coenzyme a acetyl coa this step is technically not a part of the citric acid cycle, but is shown on the diagram on the top left. It is the first video in the metabolism portion of the course. The study guides in this section were adapted from the lectures and handouts of the professors of the department of biochemistry and molecular biology, the university of. Carbohydrates are a class of nutrients that includes sugars, starches, fi bers, and related molecules such as glycosaminoglycans, amino sugars, and more. Glucose and fructose are examples of simple sugars, and starch, glycogen, and cellulose. Bioc 201 metabolism welcome to metabolism, where we will explore the amazing and marvelous chemical features living. You are not required to learn the chemical structures shown in the lectures. The back of the cards provides the statistics of the carbohydrate by describing how it was formed and listed common everyday examples. Metabolism lecture notes watcut university of waterloo. C cho ch2oh ho ch hoh ch2oh cho lglyceraldehyde dglyceraldehyde these forms are stereoisomers of each other. Introduction of glucose metabolism lecture4 introduction of glucose metabolism lecture4. The last reaction is readily reversible if glycerol is needed for the synthesis of a lipid.
Chapter additional pathways of carbohydrate metabolism lecture 26 power point pdf slides annotated slides power point annotated slides pdf chapter summary chapter 14. Carbohydrates biochemistry short notes easy biology class. Lecture 6 carbohydrate metabolism botany notes edurev. Overview of carbohydrate metabolism elmhurst college. Significant amounts of energy in the form of atp can be extracted from acetylcoa by the citric acid cycle and the electron transport system. Key differences in covalent bonding make some carbohydrates more digestible than others. Introduction to sugar chemistry pdf overview of glycolysis pdf 1. From professor southerland at howard university, a good collection of biochemistry lecture notes covering topics in lipid and cholesterol metabolism. Regulation of carbohydrate metabolism intracellular. The most important carbohydrate is glucose, a simple sugar monosaccharide that is metabolized by nearly all known organisms.
The family of carbohydrates includes both simple and complex sugars. For the most part, cells break down carbohydrates by similar metabolic pathways whether they are plant cells, animal cells, or bacterial cells. Define the terms metabolism, metabolic pathway, catabolism, and anabolism. Pharmacology lectures harrisons pathophysiology animations cases. Carbohydrate metabolism fundamentals of biochemistry. Given a fischer projection of a monosaccharide, classify it by the number of carbons it contains. This document is highly rated by botany students and has been viewed 820 times. Since glycerol is a three carbon alcohol, it is metabolized quite readily into an intermediate in glycolysis, dihydroxyacetone phosphate. Chemically all carbohydrates are polyhydroxy contain many hydroxyl, oh, groups aldehydes or ketones. Given a fischer projection of a monosaccharide, identify it as a dsugar or lsugar.
For maintenance of blood glucose mainly between meals. Given a fischer projection of a monosaccharide, classify it as either aldoses or ketoses. This lecture note on medical biochemistry integrates and summarizes the essentials of the core subject. Carbohydrate metabolism polysaccharides, starch synthesis and turnover, fructans. The purpose of todays lecture is to discuss the biosynthesis and metabolism of oligo and polysaccharides, particularly sucrose and starch, and the interaction of key points of carbohydrate metabolism with other major metabolic pathways in plants. These lecture notes, and the accompanying slides, are intended for teaching human.
Metabolism of glycogen major storage form of carbohydrate. This course about carbohydrate metabolism covers all essentials. The main breakdown product of pyruvate is acetyl coa, which is the common intermediate in the energy metabolism of carbohydrates, lipid and amino acids. All carbohydrates are hydrates of carbon and they contain c, h and o. Dec 09, 2012 metabolism of glycogen major storage form of carbohydrate. Chemistry 108 chapter 12 lecture notes carbohydrates 1 chapter 12 lecture notes.
Carbohydrate metabolism denotes the various biochemical processes responsible for the formation, breakdown and interconversion of carbohydrates in living organisms. Understand how coenzymea is used to transfer acyl groups. Glucose is the central molecule in carbohydrate metabolism, actively participating in a number of metabolic pathway. I have scanned all the pages and made it into 1 pdf.
Oct 24, 2019 in this article, we are sharing with our audience the genuine pdf download of usmle step 2 ck lecture notes 2019. Carbohydrates in the form of wood are used for shelter and heating and in making paper. Gluconeogenesis this process takes place primarily in the liver during periods of low glucose, that is, under conditions of fasting, starvation, and low carbohydrate diets. The fasting blood glucose level in normal humans is 60100 mgdl 4. Chemistry 108 chapter 12 lecture notes carbohydrates 8 monosaccharides we will briefly survey some important pentoses and hexoses, and their derivatives. May 06, 2020 lecture 6 carbohydrate metabolism botany notes edurev is made by best teachers of botany. Chapter 7 notes 7 the stereochemistry of carbohydrates 8 stereoisomers glyceraldehyde, the simplest carbohydrate, exists in two isomeric forms that are mirror images of each other. The body cant just rely on glucose other carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids. Chapter 16 lipid metabolism triacylglycerols tgs and glycogen are the two major forms of stored energy in vertebrates glycogen can supply atp for muscle contraction for less than an hour sustained work is fueled by metabolism of tgs which are very efficient energy stores because. Internal medicine pdf using direct links which can be found at the end of this blog post. This is part 1 these are the notes i personally wrote out each week after a lecture was given. The outlines of major pathwayscycles of carbohydrate metabolism are described. Carbohydrate metabolism is regulated by hor mones such as insulin, epinephrine. Ppt carbohydrates lecture 1 powerpoint presentation free.
Carbohydrate metabolism involves glycolysis, the krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain. Regulation of carbohydrate metabolism intracellular metabolic. Principles of biochemistry lecture notes download book. Other precursors like glycerol, propionate can give rise to pyruvate.
Lecture notes student projects general biology bio 1114 lecture notes to view lecture notes, choose a format msword or adobe acrobat and left click on word or pdf next to the document you wish to open. Blood sugar concentrations are controlled by three hormones. Jul 20, 2015 may 06, 2020 lecture 6 carbohydrate metabolism botany notes edurev is made by best teachers of botany. Carbohydrates in the form of cotton and linen are used as clothing. Be ready for your next big test and gain perfect scores. Living organisms, whether they are microorganisms, plants or animals are basically made up of the same chemical components. In this article, we are sharing with our audience the genuine pdf download of usmle step 2 ck lecture notes 2019. Human uses for carbohydrates of the plant kingdom extend beyond food. The central pathway, glycolysis, found in most cells is outlined in figure 102. In fact the brain largely depends upon carbohydrate metabolism as a source of. Significant amounts of energy in the form of atp can be extracted from acetyl coa by the citric acid cycle and the electron transport system.
Bioc 201 metabolism welcome to metabolism, where we will explore the. Purchase carbohydrate metabolism, volume 17 1st edition. The individual steps in the catabolism of carbohydrates are known in great detail. They focus on the biochemical pathways that we find in humans, and they also take into account some physiological and clinical aspects.
The notes, and the corresponding slides, are also freely available in pdf and powerpoint formats. I had split these notes into 2 parts, because studentvip couldnt take it. The food we eat is our only source of energy for performing biological work fig 25. Fatty acids a fatty acid is a molecule characterized by the presence of a carboxyl group attached to a long hydrocarbon chain. The first step in lipid metabolism is the hydrolysis of the lipid in the cytoplasm to produce glycerol and fatty acids. Feb 14, 2014 glucose is the central molecule in carbohydrate metabolism, actively participating in a number of metabolic pathway. Starch is the most abundant carbohydrate in our diet, which makes glucose the. Many cell types respond to hormonal and neuronal signals that allow the coordination of metabolism at the level of the entire organism.
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